The errors could suggest a corrupt or knockoff SD card, like one that advertises it's 128 GB but really it's capacity has been hacked so when it reaches "the end" (64 GB?) it starts re-writing at the beginning again. 
You can confirm that by performing a full zero wipe on the card. It may take a while, but if it fails, that's the issue.
It's possible to do this by formatting with Disks in Ubuntu MATE. Some other discussion and another command here:
However, if it is definitely a genuine SD card but just seems to have an issue resizing, you could plug in the SD card to your other Raspberry Pi and use GParted to resize and grow that partition.