I knew it was risky for me to start passing around advice about how to get the "expected" copy keyboard shortcut in the MATE terminal...
No, I sort of doubt that I actually influenced this, but I did post about this topic before, and suggested changing the "Copy" keybinding to Ctrl-C... for one user who was stumped by the Shift key, apparently.
Anyway, check the terminal keyboard shortcuts by going to Edit -> Keyboard Shortcuts.... Scroll until you get to the Edit -> Copy item (it should be the first or second item in the list), then click that line in the list. Click the second column of the line (it should read Ctrl-C before you click it, and New shortcut... after you click it), then press Ctrl-Shift-C.
By chance, I am also currently running Debian Buster with MATE Terminal 1.20.2, so let me show you the exact procedure:
Now press Shift-Ctrl-C, and you'll get:
I hope that does the trick!
(I'm sure the site administrators just love me for uploading so many "@#$!" screenshots!)